A systems approach to photovoltaic energy extraction

Per-panel photovoltaic energy extraction with integrated converters can increase overall array tracking efficiency. Also, switched-capacitor (SC) converters have been evaluated for many applications because of the possibility for on-chip integration; applications to solar arrays are no exception. This paper presents a comprehensive system-level look at solar installations, finding possibilities for optimization at and between all levels of operation in an array. Specifically, this paper examines new arrangements and options for applying switched-capacitor circuits at 3 levels: for the panel and sub-panel level, as part of the overall control strategy, and for ensuring stable and robust interface to the grid with the possibility of eliminating or reducing the use of electrolytic capacitors.