Processing and applications of electric field periodic poled LiNbO/sub 3/

Summary form only given. Electric-field poling throughout the bulk was first demonstrated in lithium niobate (LN). Large aperture sizes can be achieved in potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) as a result of the strong directionality of the poling process, but high cost and high ionic conductivity remain an obstacle. Many groups now pursue electric field poling at room temperature in LN and lithium tantalate (LT). The poling process is very simple and full size wafers have been processed successfully. Generating green and blue light requires short periods that are not easily achieved throughout the bulk. Process parameters such as wafer thickness, surface condition, electrode material, etc. strongly influence the outcome of the poling. Domains may merge together, particularly some distance away from the surface. Given the strong commercial interest in achieving efficient diode doubling, it is likely that these hurdles will soon be overcome.