Title :
Watermark design of two-dimensional barcodes on mobile phone display by evolutionary multi-objective optimization
Author :
Maehara, Takeru ; Nakai, Kentaro ; Ikeda, Ryo ; Taniguchi, Koutaro ; Ono, Satoshi
Author_Institution :
Dept. of Inf. Sci. & Biomed. Eng., Kagoshima Univ., Kagoshima, Japan
Abstract :
Two-dimensional (2D) codes have been increasingly spread for the quick verification items such as airplane boarding passes, train tickets, and coupons. However, the illegal duplication or fabrication of 2D codes has yet to be investigated. This study proposes a semi-fragile watermark design method for detecting illegally copied 2D codes on mobile phone display. The proposed method evaluates solutions with real mobile phones rather than simulation. In addition, we formulate the watermark design problem as a multi-objective optimization problem involving an objective function for every mobile phone, resulting in producing a valid watermark on various mobile phones. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain a better semi-fragile watermarking scheme than that by single-objective optimization method.
Keywords :
bar codes; evolutionary computation; liquid crystal displays; mobile handsets; watermarking; 2D code illegal duplication; 2D code illegal fabrication; evolutionary multiobjective optimization; illegally copied 2D code detection; mobile phone display; semifragile watermark design method; single-objective optimization method; two-dimensional barcode watermark design; Cameras; Decoding; Discrete wavelet transforms; Mobile handsets; Optimization; Robustness; Watermarking; copy detection; discrete wavelet transformation; multi-objective optimization; semi-fragile watermarking; two-dimensional barcode;
Conference_Titel :
Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS), 2014 Joint 7th International Conference on and Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS), 15th International Symposium on
DOI :
10.1109/SCIS-ISIS.2014.7044673