EVs participation in energy and reserve market considering primary and tertiary frequency regulation constraints

Frequency regulation after contingences is one of the main concerns of power system operators. Primary predefined reserve, which is deployed in order to maintain frequency deviations within allowed bands, can lead to an increase in operation cost of system, due to the need for committing more generation units. Participation of electrical vehicles in electricity market can be utilized as a means of reducing operation costs. A model to integrate EVs participation in energy and reserve market is presented. The model takes frequency regulation constraints into consideration. The results indicate that the system/market operators can utilize EVs to reduce operation cost while frequency constraints are respected.