Relating Primary Governing Frequency Response to Future Operating Reliability

The author presents a guide for determining the significance of primary governing frequency response (PGFR) to total interconnection reliability using examples from the North American interconnections. Primary governing frequency response assessments based on measurement methods, failure modes, risk contributors, total risk estimation, and sensitivities are presented. Methods to assure adequate primary governing frequency response are examined with respect to responsibility allocation, local measurement and standard implementation.