Turbo synchronization: a combined sum-product and expectation-maximization algorithm approach

This paper places turbo synchronization into the sum-product (SP) and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm framework. In particular, we show that the combination of these algorithms enables to design low-complexity and very powerful synchronisers. The proposed synchronizer is compared to a previously-proposed EM framework. As the derivation suggests, our new iterative scheme clearly outperforms the classical use of the EM algorithm.