Solution to lossy short-term hydrothermal coordination problem with limited energy supply thermal units by using first order gradient method

A solution technique for a lossy hydrothermal coordination problem with limited-energy-supply thermal units is given. The technique is based on first order gradient method. The transmission losses are incorporated into the solution process via the reference bus penalty factors. These reference bus penalty factors are obtained from Jacobian matrix that is calculated at the end of Newton-Raphson iterations of the load flow calculations.