Lifetime and design considerations for anodes for pulsed underwater corona discharges

Efficient decontamination of wastewater by pulsed underwater corona discharges was demonstrated in many studies [1,2]. Recently, the streamer density and length, the major factors determining decontamination performance, could be increased by using Titan anodes which previously were coated with an Almandine ceramic. However, the expensive and sophisticated ceramic coating and the short lifetime, of about 10⁵ pulses make this technique inefficient for industrial application.