Arbitrary phase shifters with decreasing phase

This paper describes a subclass of the two-ports having unique property of frequency dependent decreasing phase shift which begins and ends with arbitrary value. In other words if the frequency response is plotted in the polar coordinates resulting curve can connect any two lines in any segment. The idea behind this new concept is in the utilization of coupled two-terminal devices which are able to keep constant phase shift between driving force and response signal from dc up to infinite frequency; the so-called constant phase elements. The passive realizations of these constant phase elements as well as proposed network structures based on the conventional voltage feedback amplifiers are verified by both Orcad Pspice circuit simulator and experimental measurement.