A hybrid finite element-discontinuous galerkin solver for analyzing electromagnetics-plasma interaction in Four Dimensions

High-power microwave (HPM) devices and systems have very important civilian and military applications. However, as the power density goes higher and higher, the HPM devices and systems are more and more vulnerable to the HPM breakdown, which becomes a critical limiting factor for the generation and transmission of the HPM radiation and the operation of HPM devices and systems. During HPM breakdown, the particle density and velocity in a HPM device can be modeled by plasma fluid equations with various ionization parameters, which would become highly nonlinear when the electromagnetic (EM) field intensity is sufficiently high (J. A. Bittencourt, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004).