Cost and potential of monolithic CIGS photovoltaic modules

A bottom-up cost analysis of monolithic, glass-glass Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)₂ (CIGS) modules is presented, illuminating current cost drivers for this technology and possible pathways to reduced cost. At 14% module efficiency, for the case of U.S. manufacturing, a manufacturing cost of $0.56/W_DC and a minimum sustainable price of $0.72/W_DC were calculated. Potential for reduction in manufacturing costs to below $0.40/W_DC in the long-term may be possible if module efficiency can be increased without significant increase in $/m² costs. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) in Phoenix, AZ under different conditions is assessed and compared to standard c-Si.