Optimal scheduling algorithm for charging electric vehicle in a residential sector under demand response

This paper proposes an electric vehicle charging model and an optimal control algorithm to predict and evaluate impacts of electric vehicle penetration on the power system. Electric vehicles have become increasingly popular due to their highly efficient use of energy and their potential to reduce CO₂ emissions. The proposed electric vehicle charging model simulates an individual electric vehicle´s load profile by capturing various characteristics of a Lithium-Ion battery such as charging demand, the state of charge and potential driving patterns. The optimal control algorithm of scheduling electric vehicle charging is formulated as a convex optimization problem under real-time pricing to minimize the electricity payments of the user. Simulation results show that uncontrolled electric vehicle charging can jeopardize the stability of the power system while scheduled charging has no contribution to the peak demand. Furthermore, scheduled charging dramatically reduces the peak to average power ratio and electricity payment of users. The proposed electric vehicle charging model can be used to study charging patterns in a simulation environment and the optimal control algorithm can be embedded into a home energy management system or a smart charger.