Passive elastic joint moments in the lower extremity

Little information exists about the passive elastic coupling between the lower limb joints. In this study, we investigate the passive elastic joint properties in the lower extremities, taking into account the influence of the adjacent joint positions. Furthermore, we present a simple mathematical model describing these properties on the basis of a double-exponential expression. The model is especially suitable for the simulation of dynamic tasks where joints approach the extremes of the range of motion.