Realization of electronically tunable ladder filters using multi-output current controlled conveyors

A systematic realization of a continuous-time current-mode ladder filter using a multi-output second generation current controlled conveyor (MCCCII) has been presented. The proposed technique is based on a leapfrog simulation of an RLC ladder filter using only MCCCIIs and capacitors that lead to a simple structure, easy to design and suitable for IC fabrication. A fifth-order Butterworth low-pass filter and a sixth-order Chebyshev bandpass filter, which retain a minimum requirement of passive elements, and have the advantage of being electronically tunable are introduced. The feasibility of the realization strategy is confirmed through HSPICE circuit simulations.