A simple operational amplifier macro-model with adjustable offset voltage and frequency characteristics

Macro-modeling is an indispensable technology in CAD for its advantages with the rapid development of the integrated circuits and computers. To help the designers to simulate and verify system behaviors, many kinds of Operational Amplifiers (OpAmp) macro-models have been proposed, but their offset voltage and frequency characteristics could not be adjusted by external elements, which are widely applied in signal detection. A simple macro-model is proposed in this paper, which offset voltage and frequency characteristics could be easily modulated by external resistors or/and capacitances. The simulated results show that the proposed macro-model is very accurate and convergent.