Accommodating Unscheduled Flows in Electric Grids Using the Analytical Ridge Regression

The analytical ridge regression is applied for accommodating unscheduled flows in bulk interconnection by estimating “minor loop flows”. Ridge regression uses a bias parameter to minimize the average squared error, instead of the ordinary least squares method, when numerically ill-conditioned system matrices are present. The analytical approach is used in cases with large number of regressors. An example using the IEEE 14-bus test system, with wind penetration, illustrates the application.