Design of electrode systems for measuring cardiac micro-impedances using optical sensors

The cardiac electrical substrate is a challenge to direct measurement of its properties. Optical technology together with the capability to fabricate small electrodes at close spacing opens new possibilities. Here those possibilities are explored from a theoretical viewpoint. It appears that with careful measurements from a well designed set of electrodes one can obtain micro-impedances, that is, the impedances of individual components of the tissue measured at a microscopic scale.