Environmental health and safety (EHS) issues in III-V solar cell manufacturing

Large-scale manufacturing of III-V high-performance photovoltaics will require close attention to environmental, health and safety (EHS) issues. This paper reviews such issues and highlights challenges resulting from using large quantities of arsine, phosphine, and hydrogen in current MOCVD. These gases can be used safely when multi-layers of protection are implemented; these are discussed herein. The cost related to risk management must be considered in deciding upon new and larger manufacturing facilities. The best way to minimize both the risks associated with hazardous chemicals and the costs of managing risk is to consider safer delivery and/or alternative sources. Alternatives are outlined for scaling up production in the short-term and in the future.