3-D Hybrid FEM–BEM Using Whitney Facet Elements and Independent Loops

This paper presents a hybrid formulation using Whitney facet elements. This formulation is efficient for the modeling of unbounded 3-D magnetostatic problems. Boundary element method is used to model the unbounded regions and finite element method to model the ferromagnetic ones. Using equivalent circuit representation, the problem is changed, the degrees of freedom becoming magnetic flux in loops instead of faces. As a result, the dimension of the system to be solved is decreased.