An image normalization based watermarking scheme robust to general affine transformation

A watermarking algorithm based on image normalization has recently been proposed by Dong and Galatsanos. In this paper, we introduce a different image normalization method for watermarking. Experimental results show that our new image normalization based watermarking algorithm is more robust against the general affine transformation attack. In addition, we show that flipping and aspect ratio information can be obtained using the central moments of both the original image and the watermarked image.