Two efficient edge detecting operators derived from 3 × 3 magic squares

Two efficient edge-detecting operators are introduced. They are both based on templates derived from a 3 x 3 magic square, one operator can obtain edge gradient map with more continuous histogram, and the other can detect different edge directions efficiently. Experiments implemented based on the famous standard image Lena have shown the validity of the two approaches. This paper not only presents two efficient approaches for edge detection, but also enlightens new methodology for image processing research based on magic squares.