Human Body Phantoms for Evaluation of Wearable and Implantable Antennas

For research and development of wearable and implantable antennas to be used for body-centric wireless communication systems, it is indispensable to evaluate interactions between the human body and the electromagnetic waves radiated from the antennas. In these investigations, instead of a real human body, numerical models or tissue-equivalent experimental phantoms are usually used. The present paper describes such numerical and experimental human body phantoms.