Loss characteristics of local-delivery distribution systems

In the North America and around the world, there is an increasing focus on energy efficiency, conservation and demand reduction. Technical losses within distribution systems are under increasing scrutiny by utility companies and regulatory agencies. One of the key issues is where losses occur along a “typical” feeder and what aspects of feeder engineering and construction contribute to or mitigate losses. This paper examines the breakdown of technical losses in distribution systems based on the “local delivery” concept, considering a range of urban, suburban, and rural feeders. The differences between local delivery systems and European-style central distribution systems are highlighted, and impacts of diversity are discussed.