Efficient fault management using remote fault indicators

The paper contains a brief historical review of fault passage indicators (FPIs also called FCIs: faulted circuit indicators), both in terms of development and also technology behind the detection. Limitations and advantages are elucidated both technically and economically. Local vs. remote indication (with communications) is discussed. The paper concludes that FPIs is a cost-efficient measure in order to increase operational efficiency during fault management in MV distribution systems.