Single-Electron Pumping by Parallel SINIS Turnstiles for Quantum Current Standard

As a step toward realizing the quantum current standard, single-electron pumping of parallel SINIS turnstiles was performed. Eleven SINIS turnstiles were fabricated on the same chip, and the number of operating SINIS turnstiles was increased one by one. As a result, 11 turnstiles were operated simultaneously up to 100 MHz, resulting in a pumped dc of 176.2 pA. We also did a linearity check toward parallelization. This paper for increasing the pumped current by parallelization will lead to practical use of stable and accurate dc sources with tiny values of the output current and the metrology triangle experiment for SI redefinition.