In-body path loss model for homogeneous human muscle, brain, fat and skin

In this paper, we study the wave propagation within various lossy homogeneous human tissues such as the muscle tissue, brain, skin, and the fat layer at 2.4 GHz using insulated dipole antennas. Path loss (PL) in these tissues is determined by means of measurements and simulations, based on which suitable path loss models are proposed. By understanding the path loss within the human body one can establish optimal communication between the antennas embedded within it. We further investigate the influence of the insulation thickness of the insulated dipoles on the antenna resonance frequency.