Replication-aware leakage management in chip multiprocessors with private L2 caches

Power dissipation has become a critical issue in modern chip multiprocessors (CMPs). Managing the leakage power of their L2 caches is particularly important in realizing low-power CMPs because most CMPs employ large L2 caches to hide the performance gap between processors and an off-chip memory while leakage power becomes a major portion in the total power dissipation of CMPs as process technology advances below 90 nm. We propose a replication-aware leakage management technique that selectively turns off a replicated block in a private L2 cache for leakage power reduction. Once a cache line is turned off, the data is lost, but its tag maintains the coherence state. The cost of an extra cache miss due to the turned-off replication is limited since the data of the cache line exists in another on-chip cache. Furthermore, the replicated block incurs no overhead if it is invalidated by other processors in order to maintain cache coherence. Our proposed technique can be implemented by slightly modifying the MESI protocol with a new turned-off shared coherence state. This state indicates that the corresponding block is shared by other caches but turned off. Experiments on a 4 processor CMP with private L2 caches show that the proposed technique reduces the energy consumption of the L2 caches and main memory by 20.0% on average without introducing significant performance loss over the existing cache leakage management technique.