Empirical propagation model for low elevation satellites

This paper presents an empirical propagation model for low elevation satellites. Models have been obtained from a measurement campaign carried out using GPS L1 signals from satellites with elevation angles lower than 10°. The signals have been gathered by a narrow band High Sensitivity GNSS receiver in lightly wooded, heavily wooded, rural, suburban and urban environments. Measurements have been processed and statistical parameters regarding blockage probability, signal quality (C/N₀), blockage time and time between blockages were obtained.