Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO) for high latitudes and polar coverage

The Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO), contrary to Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), is projected to cover landmasses of Northern Hemisphere and also the Polar Regions for both Fixed (FSS) and Mobile Satellite Service (MSS). The HEO configuration was chosen by the Soviet Russian Space Authorities for the Molnya and Tundra system in order to facilitate launching from their territory and ensure coverage throughout the entire former USSR territory. Examples of HEO systems are Molnya, Tundra, Loopus, Archimedes and Borealis of the Ellipso system. The Borealis configuration is a part of Ellipso hybrid satellite constellation, which has to be presented as a Hybrid Satellite Orbit (HSO). The HEO satellite constellation turned for 180° will be able to cover territories of Southern Hemisphere including South Africa.