Coupling a deterministic propagation model with diffuse scattering and urban furniture for small cells

This paper describes the enhancement of a deterministic propagation model to take into account essential elements of the urban environment in small cell configurations. For lower antenna heights lots of interactions of the electromagnetic waves occur with urban furniture and vehicles. Coupled to diffuse scattering and urban furniture models, the output of channel wideband characteristics from a deterministic propagation prediction can be refined and significant impacts can be observed locally.