Grounded in flow theory: Preliminary design principles for desktop virtual reality-based experiments toward optimal learning state

State-of-the-art laboratory instruction has used computer-simulated environments to create appropriate real settings when replicating experiments. This paper should be of relevance to instruction designers as a step towards a deeper understanding of Desktop Virtual Reality-based Experiments (DVREs) by focusing on Flow experience. We suggest a model of the optimal learning state, to explore how to initiate and sustain learning interests and impact goal-setting activities via adding game and art elements in DVREs design. The work is meaningful before substantial progress can be made in virtual learning environment if we are to use the great promise of flow research on DVREs design, training and its impact in optimizing learning outcome.