Multifrequency microwave radiometer measurements of snow on lake ice

Airborne microwave radiometer measurements of lake ice have been performed in 2004, 2007, 2011, and 2012 over two lakes in southern Finland using radiometer systems that cover frequencies from 1.4 to 36.5 GHz. Airborne and surface data have been collected under circumstances ranging from early winter dry snow to late winter dry and wet snow conditions. Water and slush on top of ice and dry snow grain size have been determined to be the two most important parameters affecting brightness temperature.