Modeling of pulse responses from time-evolving ocean-like surfaces

A time domain integral equation (TDIE) method is developed to characterize the pulse responses from a time-evolving ocean-like surface. Pulses echoes are obtained from a series of “frozen” profiles that correspond to the evolving surface at discrete instances. The Doppler shift and bandwidth are examined by using the pulse echoes for different wind speeds and interrogating waveforms. Other than using continuous waves in traditional researches, using pulse waves would give a narrower predicted bandwidth.