Diversity gains in random line-of-sight and rich isotropic multipath environment

Antenna diversity gain for theoretical as well as measured antennas is studied in two extreme environments, the rich isotropic multipath environment (RIMP) and the random line-of-sight environment. The RIMP diversity gain was previously defined based on improved fading performance, here we equivalently consider it as a metric for the cumulative improvement of the 1% worst users randomly distributed in the RIMP environment. Similarly, we consider the diversity gain in the random line-of-sight environment to be the performance improvement of the 1% of the users which receives the weakest signal relative to a theoretical Rayleigh distribution of the signal levels among the users. The random line-of-sight environment is regarded as being caused by the statistics of an ensemble of users (or terminals) with arbitrary 3D orientations.