A computational framework for simulating cardiac optogenetics

Recent experimental studies have shown that cardiac tissue can be engineered to respond to optical stimulation using Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a light-gated cation channel. We present the first comprehensive multiscale framework for simulating cardiac optogenetics, following illumination effects from membrane proteins to ventricular contraction. Virtual optogenetic therapy is applied in ventricular models to investigate the design of efficient optical stimulation schemes. Major determinants of threshold ir-radiance levels are characterized and the Purkinje system is identified as a novel target for optical pacemaking. This study describes a tremendous step forward in our ability to leverage computational tools in the design and optimization of conceptually new optogenetic actuation techniques.