Survey of Routing Attacks and Countermeasures in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are collections of self-organizing mobile nodes with dynamic topologies and have no fixed infrastructure. Because of their dynamic ad hoc nature, in which unknown devices develop spontaneous interactions between themselves, these networks are particularly vulnerable to various security threats. In recent years considerable efforts have been made to design secure and robust routing protocol, and many security schemes have been proposed to tackle these security issues. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of security threats in MANET. In particular, we examine all routing threats that can target the operation of routing protocol, whether they belong to selfish behaviors or malicious attacks, as well as countermeasures against such attacks. In order to analyze the existent countermeasures in a structured manner we have classified them into three classes; solutions based on cryptography; intrusion detection systems; and trust management and reputation-based solutions.