Heating of interventional instruments in magnetic particle imaging - First experiences of safety measurements

It seems that signal generating devices, especially those which were made of stainless steel, are not optimal for cardiovascular interventions, if these devices show ferromagnetic characteristics. CVI seem to be safe in MPI using non-signal generating devices. Labeling and visualization of devices with SPIOSs is possible and has been described in recent studies. Based on the complexity of stents themselves and different components of the stent delivery systems, it is necessary to address heating behavior of those instruments in further studies. Stents which heat up to temperatures only a few degrees above body temperature seem to be suitable for cardiovascular interventions in MPI. Further in-vivo studies are necessary to investigate heating of interventional instruments in MPI in contrast to cooling due to blood flow.