Life-cycle loss evaluation of power transformers serving large photovoltaic plants in vertically integrated and decentralised systems

This study details a comprehensive loss evaluation method of power transformers serving large-scale solar applications. The fact that these transformers are obliged to serve an intermittent energy source calls for a suitable method to evaluate their life-cycle losses and total ownership costs. These transformers may be owned by independent photovoltaic power producers or by regulated utilities. Thus, the method concurrently responds to the current efforts to address the concept of loss evaluation both in vertically-integrated and decentralised energy systems that are experiencing a high penetration of renewable energy.