Islanded microgrids black start procedures with wind power integration

Microgrids with high renewable energy penetration has recently attracted much attention, as an excellent solution for powering remote and islanded areas. Much progress has been achieved in the investigation of microgrid frequency and voltage control in steady state or during load step change transients. However, the black start procedures and the corresponding control issues have not been as well researched. This paper focuses on the microgrid black start problem, which includes the modeling of the system, the integration of the wind generation, and the frequency control challenges during load step changes. The system dynamic response and the frequency control performance are considered and are evaluated by way of simulation results.