EM optimization using coarse and fine mesh space mapping

Space mapping is an effective method for electromagnetic (EM) optimization. The method normally assumes the availability of an equivalent circuit as the coarse model. This paper addresses the situation when an equivalent circuit coarse model is not available. We propose a space mapping optimization algorithm with coarse mesh EM simulation as coarse model. Our technique uses mostly coarse mesh EM evaluation and occasionally fine mesh EM evaluation to achieve optimal EM solutions with fine mesh accuracy. In our optimization, the surrogate model training and optimization are both done in the EM simulator. This technique is illustrated by two microwave filter examples.