A new volume integral equation formulation for analyzing 3-D circuits in inhomogeneous dielectrics exposed to external fields

A new volume integral equation formulation is developed for the full-wave extraction of 3-D circuits, containing arbitrarily shaped lossy conductors with inhomogeneous dielectrics, in the presence of external electromagnetic fields. It exploits all the flexibilities offered by the volume integral formulation traditionally developed for solving wave-related problems, while accommodating a circuit-source based excitation in order to model both the circuit excitation and the ambient environment where the circuit is exposed to. It facilitates circuit parameter extraction at ports located anywhere in the physical structure of a circuit. An excellent agreement of numerical results with reference data validates the proposed formulation.