Static and dynamic vehicle-to-grid potential with electrified roads

A large scale introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) enables for interesting opportunities such as meeting the need for power balancing in the electric system. With increased introduction of variable and renewable electricity production resources such as wind power and solar power, the need for power balancing also increases. If EV batteries can be used as individual and flexible storages performing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services with or without the possibility to inject power to the grid, this increased need for power balancing could be met. This paper investigates the potential for individual and flexible EV batteries to be used for V2G services by introducing a new model. With the model it is possible to estimate the potential for V2G power consumption and power injection with a well-developed charging infrastructure including dynamic EVC at electrified roads (ERs) and static EVC at parking sites. The model includes models for time-dependent V2G potential, dynamic EVC at ERs, static EVC at parking sites, vehicle mobility and vehicle driving power demand. A case study shows the resulting V2G potential for power consumption and power injection under different conditions with a charging infrastructure including both dynamic and static EVC infrastructure.