A unified energy management strategy for a dual-source electric vehicle

This paper presents a unified energy management strategy for small urban electric vehicles based on a hybrid energy storage system. This energy management strategy employs an integrated rule-based meta-heuristic approach that governs the power distribution in the vehicle powertrain. The proposed approach evaluates the optimal power distribution of the batteries and supercapacitors according to the power demand requirements. The multi-level energy management strategy has been validated using Matlab/Simulink^® simulations for two normalized urban driving cycles. The simulation results indicate that the unified energy management strategy is effective to control the energy system components to work in their higher efficiency region and to satisfy the kinetic performance.