The lifetime of the LiFePO4/C battery energy storage system when used for smoothing of the wind power plant variations

Fulfilling ambitious goals of the full transition from the centralized, fossil fuel-based conventional generation units into distributed and eco-friendly renewables can be difficult to achieve without energy storage systems due to technical and economical challenges. Energy storage system addition to wind turbines/wind farms is one of the most promising solutions to problems related with the further integration of wind power into the grids with already high wind penetration. Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries are constantly improving their performance and are becoming attractive for stationary energy storage applications due to their characteristics such as fast response, high power capability, high efficiency, and long lifetime. This paper deals with the lifetime of the LiFePO₄/C battery system when it provides wind power output smoothing service. A semi-empirical lifetime model for these battery cells is developed based on accelerated lifetime testing of LiFePO₄/C battery cells. The developed Li-ion battery lifetime model is later used for the investigation on the lifetime of Li-ion battery energy storage system (BESS) under different energy management strategies for the wind power variations smoothing service.