Loose coupling architecture for co-simulation of heterogeneous components

Co-simulation of different domains is the method of choice if specialised tools exist for each domain and no monolithic solution is available. Motivated by the need for simulation and emulation of networked smart grid systems with interlinked controller, communication and power hardware components, this paper proposes a solution for loose coupling of heterogeneous components (i.e. continuous and time-triggered subsystems). The focus is on a lightweight message bus, allowing multiple simulators to exchange the same messages like in the real system. The architecture allows fast configuration and easy switching between emulated and real-world components. The solution is applied and verified in the context of a Smart Grid application. Photovoltaic inverters in a distribution grid are coordinated with a central onload tap change transformer in order to keep the grid voltages within the limits set by operation rules.