A 65-nm CMOS 1.75–15 GHz Stepped Frequency Radar Receiver for Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

A 65-nm CMOS receiver tailored for breast cancer diagnostic imaging is demonstrated for the first time. The receiver shows 31-dB conversion gain, NF <; 8.6 dB , P_{1 dB} > -28 dBm, IIP3 > -12 dBm and IIP2 > 22 dBm over a band from 1.75 to 15 GHz. A programmable injection-locked divider generates quadrature LO signals with a I/Q phase error <; 1.5 ^° over three octaves without requiring any calibration or tuning. The receiver shows a flicker noise corner as low as 40 Hz, achieving a dynamic range of 106 dB.