Review of application of ground distance protection

Ground distance protection philosophies will affect how ground distance is applied to protect transmission lines. This paper will explore some of the common philosophies and demonstrate under which conditions each philosophy should be used. Some of the philosophies to be explored are resistive ground fault coverage, the use of Quadrilateral verses Mho characteristics, supervision and polarization techniques for weak in-feed lines, and utilization of directional ground overcurrent protection verses ground distance over-reaching element protection.