Motors/generators for traction/propulsion applications: A review

The growing interest in electrification has led to a growing interest in hybrid/electrical traction applications. Many hybrid/electrical vehicles have been commercially introduced. Various technologies for the traction motors/generators have been developed. The requirements for motors/generators for hybrid/electrical traction applications are very demanding in terms of power density, efficiency, and cost. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the state of the art highlighting the key global trends and tradeoff of various technologies. The article will also discuss future trends and potential areas of research. The article will cover light-duty vehicles (with more focus), medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, off-highway vehicles (OHVs), locomotives, and ship propulsion. The goal of the article is to serve as a comprehensive reference for engineers working in the traction/propulsion area.