A Comprehensive Review of Catastrophic Faults in PV Arrays: Types, Detection, and Mitigation Techniques

Three major catastrophic failures in photovoltaic (PV) arrays are ground faults, line-to-line faults, and arc faults. Although there have not been many such failures, recent fire events on April 5, 2009, in Bakersfield, CA, USA, and on April 16, 2011, in Mount Holly, NC, USA, suggest the need for improvements in present fault detection and mitigation techniques, as well as amendments to existing codes and standards to avoid such accidents. This review investigates the effect of faults on the operation of PV arrays and identifies limitations to existing detection and mitigation methods. A survey of state-of-the-art fault detection and mitigation technologies and commercially available products is also presented.