Cost-effectiveness analysis of battery energy storage in distribution systems embedded with plug-in electric vehicles

This paper presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of integrating energy storage (ES) into electric power distribution system embedded with plug-in electric vehicles and rooftop solar photovoltaic. The impact of plug-in electric vehicles charging on distribution transformers overload is presented. In order to reduce such impact, lead-acid batteries are introduced and the energy produced from rooftop photovoltaic (PV) in residential homes is used to charge these batteries to provide the energy required to charge plug-in electric vehicles. The results have shown that the deployment of 3kW and 7kW lead acid batteries can eliminate the overload experienced by the distribution transformer however this may result in a total annual costs of 4,435 $/year and 10,349 $/year in case of 3kW and 7kW respectively.